Renal involvement is a common condition in rheumatologic diseases. The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical presentations and histopathological results in patients diagnosed with non-lupus rheumatic diseases who underwent renal biopsy. The records of 900 renal biopsies performed at our hospital between 2004 and 2023 were retrospectively reviewed, and 139 patients diagnosed with non-lupus rheumatic diseases were included. Data on demographic and clinical characteristics, laboratory results, renal biopsy indications, and histopathological findings were obtained from hospital records. Among the patients, 46 had rheumatoid arthritis (RA), 31 had ankylosing spondylitis (AS), 31 had familial Mediterranean fever (FMF), 17 had Behçet's disease (BD), and 14 had psoriasis (PsO). The most common indication for biopsy was hematuria + subnephrotic proteinuria, accounting for 17.3%. The most frequent pathological diagnosis was amyloidosis (36.7%), followed by focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) (19.4%), chronic tubulointerstitial nephritis (TIN) (8.6%), immunoglobulin A (IgA) nephropathy (7.9%), and membranous glomerulonephritis (7.2%). A significant difference was noted among rheumatologic diseases groups according to the reasons for biopsy (p = 0.031) and pathological diagnoses (p = 0.003). The frequency of amyloidosis was higher in the FMF group with 61.3%, FSGS was higher in the BD group with 47.1%, and IGA nephropathy was higher in the PsO group with 35.7%. The characteristics of renal involvement in rheumatic diseases differ depending on the underlying disease. Close monitoring of renal functions and performing biopsy when necessary are critically important in these patients.